A study of pain
5 A closed-loop brain-machine interface for pain treatment & animal models of pain terms
According to statistics from the World Health Organization, almost 500,000 people are observed from the spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI is complex, including complications: paralysis, sensory disturbance, pain, cardiovascular disease system, bladder control disorders and bowel dysfunction. Although the most common consequence of SCI is complete or partial loss of movement below the level of injury, patients usually assessed as a severe problem associated with their trauma. In addition, the number of patients with neuropathic pain for atraumatic reasons (for example, due to tumors) has increased because the overall lifetime has increased.
- Allodynia
- noun
- Allodynia is a condition in which pain is caused by a stimulus that does not normally elicit pain.
An example would be a light feather touch (that should only produce sensation), causing pain.
- Example: 1. Pain is elicited by cold, and a major feature of many neuropathic pain states is that normally innocuous cool stimuli begin to produce pain (cold allodynia).
2. The withdrawal threshold for cold allodynia is 15°C in both the spared nerve injury and spinal nerve ligation models of neuropathic pain.
3.Behavioral testing of cold allodynia, hyperalgesia and pain will greatly facilitate the study of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in cold/cool sensations and enable measurement of the efficacy of pharmacological treatments to reduce these symptoms.
4. Since these temperatures did not elicit a reduced withdrawal response in naïve animals, we ascribe the presence of such a response in the SNI rats as a manifestation of cold allodynia.
5. Temporal development of cold allodynia (phrase).
Reference: A. J. Allchorne, D. C. Broom, and C. J. Woolf, “Detection of cold pain, cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in freely behaving rats,” Mol. Pain, vol. 1, p. 36, 2005.
- ru: Аллодиния
- Encircled
- adjective/participle
- form a circle around; surround.
- Example: 1. A larger number of STZ-injected rats with encircled nerves were observed to develop mechanical allodynia than those without. However, mechanical allodynia, but not thermal hyperalgesia, could be ameliorated by the removal of the latex tube (nerve decompression) at an early stage.
2. Vehicle-injected rats with sham operation and encircled nerves were set as control groups for STZ-injected rats with sham operation and encircled nerves, respectively.
3. However, as the occurrence of nerve compression depends on the relative sizes of the swollen nerve and anatomic narrowing, not all swollen peripheral nerves were observed to be compressed by anatomic narrowing in STZ-induced diabetic rats without encircled nerves.
Reference: C. Liao, M. Yang, P. Liu, W. Zhong, and W. Zhang, “Stable rat model of mechanical allodynia in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: The role of nerve compression,” J. Reconstr. Microsurg., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 264–269, 2018.
- ru: окруженный
- Gauge
- verb/noun/adjective
- Example: 1. In the example reported here, a soft strain gauge yields real-time information on bladder function in a rat model.
2. Highly Sensitive Skin-Mountable Strain Gauges Based Entirely on Elastomers (a name of the other article).
3. This fully implantable, wireless neuromodulation system combines a thin, low modulus strain gauge to monitor bladder filling/voiding with μ-ILEDs to control inhibitory opsins expressed virally in bladder sensory afferents.
4. The wireless control/power (WCP) module records the response of the strain gauge, controls operation of the μ-ILEDs and provides power management.
5. The entire platform encircles the bladder, such that dimensional changes in the bladder that occur with filling and voiding stretch the strain gauge.
Reference: [x] A. D. Mickle et al., “A wireless closed-loop system for optogenetic peripheral neuromodulation,” Nature, vol. 565, no. 7739, pp. 361–365, 2019.
- ru: измерять/ калибр, датчик/ калибровочный
- Innocuous
- adjective
- not harmful or offensive.
- Example: 1. Mechanical allodynia (other pain) is a painful sensation caused by innocuous stimuli like light touch.
2. The first intracellular messenger associated with sensory neuron sensitization was cAMP. Intradermal injections of cAMP analogues induce profound mechanical hyperalgesia (reduced response thresholds to noxious mechanical stimuli measured with the Randall-Selitto test) but also increased responses to innocuous mechanical stimuli (as measured with von Frey hairs), that is characteristic of allodynia [36].
3. We recently showed that injection of a specific Epac activator also induces hypersensitivity to innocuous mechanical stimuli that is independent of Nav1.8 nociceptors, normally associated with the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.
Reference: S. Lolignier, N. Eijkelkamp, and J. N. Wood, “Mechanical allodynia,” Pflugers Arch., vol. 467, no. 1, pp. 133–139, 2015.
- ru: безобидный
- Plethora
- noun
- 1. A large or excessive amount of something.
2. Medicine: an excess of a bodily fluid, particularly blood.
- Example: 1. Whether tissue harm is inevitable, a plethora of excitability changes in the peripheral or the central nervous system (PNS and CNS, respectively) establish a profound, but reversible pain hypersensitivity in the inflamed tissue.
Reference: [x] F. Guida et al., “Behavioral, biochemical and electrophysiological changes in Spared Nerve Injury model of neuropathic pain,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 21, no. 9, p. 3396, 2020.
